Yarn
Yarn TypeYarn CountYarn ProcessingSpinning MethodSurfaceStifnessFeelTransparencyPropertiesCharacteristics
3D
3D Knit means knitting to shape to what is needed, creating anatomically correct products or components.
Absorbency
The ability of a fabric to tak in or soak up moisture
Acid & Alkali Resistance
The degree of resistance to deformation when exposed to an acid or alkali.
Additive manufacturing
Additive manufacturing is the official industry standard term (ASTM F2792) for all applications of the technology. It is defined as the process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies.
Anti Folding
The resilience of a yarn to deformation by folding.
Anti-static
Prevent the build-up of static electricity and electrostatic discharges.
Biodegradable
Materials that are degredable by living organisms such as bacteria and fungi.
Breaking Strength
Also called tensile strength, the maximum tensile force needed to rupture a yarn.
Cable
A knitting stich that produces a design like a twisted rope (cable).
Carding
Carding machine used rollers to untangle and seperate fibres, remove vegetable matter, partially align fibres and form firbes into a sliver.
Chemical Material Testing
Chemical material testing involves analyzing the chemical composition of yarns and fabrics and evaluating their chemical properties, including: fabric composition, chemical additives, chemical properties, toxicity, environmental impact, durability and stability and compliance. By conducting chemical material testing, manufacturers, retailers, and regulatory agencies can verify the safety, quality, and compliance of yarns and fabrics, minimize risks associated with chemical exposure, and ensure consumer protection and environmental sustainability.
Coarse
Rough surface lacking in fineness & delicacy
Combing
A process that removes vegetable matter, nep and short fibres (noils).
Compact Spinning
A process of spinning in which the fibre strand drawn by the drafting system is condensed before twisting it. This method imporves tesile properties, reduces hairness and improved the regularity of the yarn.
Cool
Wicks away heat to provide cool feel
Cost efficiency
A way of saving money, or of spending less money.
Custom Made Dyeing
Custom made dyeing is a service where yarn manufacturers offer the option for customers to request specific colors or color combinations for their yarns.
Cut & Sew
Fabric cut into sewing pattern and sewn together with appropriate methods, final products contsructed with multiple seams.
Degree of Crystanility
Degree of stuctural order in a fiber.
Dimensional Stability
The change in dimensions of a yarn/fiber after they are washes or relaxed.
Dyeing
Process of applying colour to fibre/yarn.
Elasticity Modulus (cN/dtex)
The fibers/ yarns reistance to being deformed elastically by stress, defined by the ratio of stress-to- strain.
Elongation Ratio (%)
Environmental Friendly
Not harmful to the environment.
FDY (Fully Drawn Yarn)
Sythetic yarn whose that is spun at high speeds so that the orientation of modelcules to its full extent. The fiber is smooth and creates fabric that aren't fluffy, have a hard feeling and poor breathability.
Fibrillation (grade)
Fineness (dtex)
Fineness of fiber/yarn measured in dtex, the weight (grams) of 10,000m of fiber.
Flexible
Easily bends and drapes as desired
Furry
Resembling fur
Glossy
Shiny and smooth
Heat Management
The ability to control the temperature of a system by means of technology based on thermodynamics and heat transfer
HSHM (High-strength and high modulus)
High material strength and stillness
Hygroscopicty
The ability to absorb moisture from surrounding atmosphere.
Insulation
The act of covering something to stop heat, sound, or electricity from escaping or entering.
Knot Strength (cN/tex)
The breaking strength of a knotted fibre/yarn in proportion to breaking strength without the knot.
Matte or dull
Smooth, but not glossy
Metallic
Materials that resemble metal or contain metallic sheen
Modulus (cN/dtex)
The ratio of stress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis.
Moisture Management
The controlled movement of water vapour and liquid water (perspiration) from the surface of the skin to the atmostphere through the fabric.
Moisture Regain
The weight/weight percentage (w/w%) of water in a material versus the material's dry weight.
Monofilament
A single untwisted strand of synthetic fibre.
Nden/DEN
The weight of 9000 meters yarn with convention moisture regain
Needle Gauge
Needle gauge refers to the measurement of the diameter of knitting needles. It is typically expressed in terms of millimeters (mm) or in needle size numbers, which vary depending on the country or region. The needle gauge determines the size of the stitches and the overall tension of the knitted fabric. Different knitting projects may require different needle gauges depending on the desired fabric thickness and the type of yarn being used.
Ntex
The weight of 1000 meters yarn with convention moisture regain.
Opaque
Partially Orientated Yarn (POY)
Yarn that has been stretched during spinning process, in order to orient the molecules to produce a yarn with specific charcteristics (tenacity, shrinkage and elongation).
Ply
The number of yarns that are twisted around one another to create one single thread.
Product S2FU01120
Frame Embrace
A material that embraces the wearer with a snug and supported feel in the necessary areas. Through body mapping, the wearer will not only feel comfortable but they will also carry themselves with positive posture. This thin and soft material is skin-friendly ?? perfect for under layering without irritation.
Quick Dry
The residual water content remained in the fiber after a determined period of time.
Reflective
Surface reflects light
Ribbed
Rotor Spinning
Also called Open End Spinning. A process of spinning in which individual fibers are allowed to flow into a rotating yarn end, where upon they bind to the yarn aided by continuous rolling movement.
Roving
Roving is wool that has been carded to be 40 time thinner before it can be spun.
S-Twist
Spun or staple yarn twisted in a clock-wise direction.
Scouring
Process of washing to remove contaminents such as dirt, wax/oil, etc.
Semi-Rigid
Lack of ease in bending and drape
Shear (Linearity)
Device used to evaluate the maximum shear stress that can be sustained by a material.
Single jersey
Single jersey is a type of knitted fabric characterized by its smooth surface on one side and a distinctive vertical rib pattern on the other. It is commonly used in apparel production, particularly for lightweight and stretchy garments such as T-shirts, dresses, and activewear. Single jersey fabric is produced on a single set of needles, resulting in a fabric with a fine gauge and relatively smooth texture. It typically has good stretch and recovery properties, making it comfortable to wear and suitable for a wide range of applications. Single jersey fabrics can be made from various fibers, including cotton, polyester, viscose, and blends, offering versatility in terms of aesthetics, performance, and durability.
Siro Spinning
A process of spinning in which two rovings are passed through a drafting system parallel to each other and then combined to create a two-fold yarn.
Skin-Like
SM
Santoni Machine.
Soft touch
Soft on skin, no irritation caused by texture
Spinning
Process by which fibres are drawn out and twisted into a yarn.
Staple
A fiber with a practical, limited or finite length.
Sticky/Grippy
Surface creates friction
Stock Service
A stock service is a service provided by the company where they maintain a ready inventory of yarn products available for immediate purchase and delivery.
Strength (cN/dtex)
Strength of a fiber/yarn measured in cN/dtex, how much centiNewton of force per decitex a fibre/yarn can bear.
Stretchability
The ultimate elongation of a yarn in a particular direction using a predetermined amount of force.
Tenacity
The resistance of fabric to break under tension
Texturing
Process by which fibres are given permanent crimp, loop or curl.
Torsion
The resistance of fibre to twisting.
Transparent
UV protection
Material that can protect from UV radiation
Warm
Traps heat providing warmth
Water Repellant
The characteristics of yarn to not absorb water.
Weather Fastness
The resistance of damage of yarn when exposed to weather elements (e.g. rain, wind, air etc.)
Wrinkle- resistant
Material that does not wrinkle easily
Yarn Feeding System
This system ensures the uniformity and continuity of the yarn feed & tension and that the size and shape of the loops in the fabric are consistent. Consists of creel, doffing tube, graduated plate, band carrier, yarn stop motion and guild roll. There are three different types of Yarn feeder: Positive yarn feeding, Passive yarn feeding and Electric storage type yarn feeder.
Zero-Twist
Made by wrapping soluble filament with untwisted staple fibres, looks twistless.
Abrasian Resistance
The ability to withstand friction that may result in damage of the yarn & piling.
Abundant Materials
Raw materials abundantly available in the Earth's crust or on its surface.
Adaptable
Able to be modified to a new use or purpose.
Air Jet/ Air Vortex
A process of spinning in which uses a high speed air vortex to create a twist in the deposited fibers.
Anti-bacterial
Antimicrobial textile products continue to play a role in odor control as well as controlling the spread of infectious microorganisms.
ATY (Air Textured Yarn)
A bulked yarn that has been textured by a cold-air stream. Fabric made with ATY has good moisture absorption and is similar to those made with staple fiber.
Bluesign
Bluesign is an emerging standard for environmental health and safety in the manufacturing of textiles. Auditing of textile mills, examining manufacturing processes from raw materials and energy inputs to water and air emissions outputs. Each component is assessed based on its ecotoxicological impact.
Bulkiness Elasticity
Carbonising
Use of sulphuric acid to remove vegetable matter.
Changing
Circular Knitting Machine
Machine that knits in a tubular form to create a seamless fabric.
Colour Effect Yarn
Yarn with different colour effect on the surface - includes coloured spun yarn, AB yarn and multi fibers spun yarn.
Comoposite Fiber
A yarn made of two polymers extruded to produce non-circular cross-sections, microdenier fibers, self-crimped fibers, fibers with electrical con-ductivity, and fibers for thermal bonding.
Conductivity
The ability of the yarn to conduct electricity when subjected to a determined difference of potential.
Core Spinning
A process of spinning in which fibers are twisted around an existing yarn.
Cross Stitch
Cross stitch is a type of embroidery technique where stitches are made to form an "X" shape. It involves creating a series of tiny crosses in a grid pattern on fabric, usually Aida cloth or linen. Cross stitch can be used to create decorative designs, patterns, or images on various textiles, such as clothing, household linens, and accessories. It's a popular form of needlework and is often used for creating intricate and detailed designs.
Customization
The process of tailoring a product, service, or experience to meet the specific needs, preferences, or requirements of an individual or a particular group of users. It involves offering options or features that allow users to personalize or modify aspects of a product or service according to their unique preferences, tastes, or specifications.
Cut Resistance
High tech fibers designed to prevent from cut and injuries during wear.
Diameter
Diameter refers to the straight line passing through the center of a circular object, connecting two points on the circumference. It is the distance across the widest part of a circle or sphere, passing through its center point. In geometry, the diameter is commonly denoted by the symbol "d" and is used to calculate various properties of circles and spheres, such as circumference, area, and volume. In knitting technology, diameter refers to the size of a machine defined by its diameter.
DTY (Draw Textured Yarn)
A fully drawn yarn with soft crimp, high bulk and texture to produce a yarn that has high durablity, elasticty and retention properties.
Elasticity
The ability of a material to return to return to its original shape after being contorted or stretched
Elongation
The ultimate elongation of a yarn in a particular direction using a predetermined amount of force.
Elongation Recovery Ratio (%)
Fancy Yarn
A single yarn with a structure effect - e.g. bunchy yarn, covered yarn, big-belly yarn, Knickerbocker yarn and knots yarn.
Fiber Dyeing
The process of coloring or tinting fibers, which are the basic building blocks used to make yarns and fabrics. In fiber dyeing, the dye is applied to the fibers before they are spun into yarns or woven into fabrics.
Filament
A fibre of indefinite length.
Flame Retardant
Material that can prevent the start or slow the growth of fire.
Friction Spinning
An open end/ core type of spinning in which fibers are carried with an air flow onto the junction between two rotating perforated drums that compress and twist the fibres around one another.
Gilling
The process of blending together card slivers with the direction of the feed alternated in order to make it suitable for spinning.
Healing
The ability to provide skin/ body benifitting properties.
Hollow
Hollow fibre is described as a filament with a hollow core.
Hydrophillic
A yarn/ fabric that has an affinity to waterand trandsport moisture away from the skin to the surface.
In Development
The stage of progress or evolution of a project, product, or idea where it is still being worked on, refined, or improved.
Irregular Texture
Not uniform; patternless
Low Torque Spinning
Max Speed
The highest achievable operational speed of the machine. It represents the maximum number of stitches or rows that the machine can knit per minute.
Microfibers
Tiny strands of microplastics released by synthetic fabrics in wash cycles
Moisture Absorption
The degree of moisture uptake by a fiber/yarn.
Moisture Permeability
The ability of moisture to permeate into a yarn.
Moisture Release Ability
The ability of a fiber/yarn to release moisture into the surrounding envinroment.
MPP
MPP in knitting machines stands for "Maximum Production Potential." It refers to the maximum capacity or capability of the knitting machine to produce knitted fabric under ideal conditions.
Ne
No. of 840 yard lengths per pound (LB).
NM
The length of the 1g of yarn.
Number of Feeds
The mechanism responsible for supplying the yarn to the needles for the knitting process. The feed mechanism ensures that the yarn is delivered to the needles at the correct tension and timing to create the desired knitted fabric. There are various types of feed mechanisms in knitting machines, including but not limited to, positive feed, negative feed, and compound feed systems, each designed to accommodate different types of yarns and knitting techniques. The efficiency and performance of the feed mechanism play a crucial role in the overall operation and output quality of the knitting machine.
Organic
Organic means that the fiber the yarn is made from was produced without the use of man-made chemicals such as herbicides, pesticides or chemical fertilizer.
Physical Material Testing
Physical material testing in yarns and fabrics involves evaluating various mechanical and physical properties of the materials to assess their performance, durability, and suitability for specific applications. These inlcudes: strength testing, abrasion resistance testing, dimensional stability, colorfastness, pilling resistance, water resistance, thermal properties. By conducting physical material testing, manufacturers and researchers can ensure that yarns and fabrics meet quality standards, regulatory requirements, and performance expectations for their intended use in various industries such as apparel, home textiles, automotive, and technical textiles.
Powdery
Granular feel
Proportion
Recovery
The recovery ability (%) of increase in length of yarn when the load is removed
Reflectivity
The property of reflecting light or radiation, especially reflectance as measured independently of the thickness of a material.
Ring Spinning
A process of spinning in which the the yarn is twisted and drawn whilst travelling through a small metal device that rotates around a ring in the oprtaion of winding the yarn onto a bobbin.
Rough
Uneven surface, not gentle & smooth
Rubbery
Smooth and plasticy feel like rubber
Satin
Shiny and soft
Second Skin
Shaped Fiber
A fiber spun with a shaped spinneret to have a certain function e.g. gloss, good bulkiness, stain resistance and pill resistance.
Silky
The qualities of silk, especially soft, refine, and lustrous
Single Jersey Machine
Knitting machine with only one cyclinder with one set of needles & sinkers.
Sirofil Spinning
A moditfied Siro Spinning process in which one of the elements is replaced with a filament yarn. Filament yarn and staple fibre are twisted into a helical form.
Slippery
Smooth, no grip
Smooth
Soft and sleek
Solvent Resistance
The degree of resistance to deformation when exposed to a solvent.
Spongy
Porous, compressible and absorbennt
Static Electricity
The degree of charge generation in yarn that can lead to static charge.
Stiff
Does not bend or drape easily
Strength
This refers to the how much weight the fibers can bear. Some fibers, like flax, actually get stronger when wet.
Stretch Elasticity Recovery
The degree of yarn recovery to its oringal shape after it has been stretched.
Superfine Fiber
A fiber that the is 0.3 denier or below (diameter 5 microns).
Textured Fiber
A yarn whose smooth straight fibers have been crimped, curled, looped or coiled in order to change the behaviour of yarn and the fabric created from it.
Thermal Resistance
The degree of resistance to deformation under heat.
Translucent
Uniqueness
The quality of being unlike anything else; it denotes distinctiveness, individuality, or originality. In various contexts, uniqueness can refer to a product, idea, experience, characteristic, or feature that sets something apart from others and makes it stand out.
Variable
Washing Instructions
Washing instructions are guidelines provided by manufacturers to advise consumers on how to properly clean and maintain their garments. These instructions typically include recommendations on water temperature, washing cycle settings (such as delicate or normal), whether to use bleach or fabric softener, and whether the garment should be hand-washed or machine-washed. Additionally, washing instructions may also include guidance on drying methods (such as air drying or tumble drying), ironing temperature settings, and any specific precautions to take to avoid damaging the garment during washing. Following the washing instructions helps to prolong the life of the clothing, maintain its appearance, and prevent shrinkage, fading, or other damage.
Wear Resistance
The degree of resistance to material loss by a mechanical action.
Weft knitting
Knitting method characterized by the structural threads running perpendicular to the selvedge of the fabric.
Yarn Count
The thickness of a yarn, defined by mass per unit length or length per unit mass.
Z-Twist
Spun or staple yarn twisted in an anti-clockwise direction